Essay about Qualitative Analysis Discussion - 856 Words

DISCUSSION: Qualitative analysis is used to determine the presence of cations or anions present within a sample and their impurities. Information known, such as chemical and physical properties, about cations and anions can be used to determine what steps should be used to separate the sample into one, specific ion. Qualitative analysis involves forming and decomposing complex ions. Qualitative tests are very sensitive, allowing to detect a very small amount present in sample. Due to sensitivity, cleaning utensils and accurate observations are essential to results. Many basic principles are applied to determine the impurities or cations. To determine which impurities are present, scheme or flow chart is followed. Scheme is used†¦show more content†¦In every step, there was a precipitate and supernatant liquid. This lead to students being able to determine which exact ion is present in solution. A solution containing three unknown ions (#3) was then tested. Procedure was carried out accordingly to lab manual. Determined ions present in solution were Fe3+, Cr3+, and Cu2+. The confirmatory test for Fe3+ that was used was , K4Fe(CN)6 add to a precipitate containing Fe3+. A dark blue precipitate formed which is a positive result, Fe3+ is present in this solution. Continuing procedure, Cr3+ presence was confirmed in step 9 by dissolving the precipitate with HNO3 then adding 5 drops of diphenycarbazide (dcp) solution. The supernatant was yellow then a sudden change to pretty, dark pink/purple after the first drop confirmed chromium presence. The reason for the color change is because chromium is reduced and dcp is oxidized. Further, along in the procedure, another positive test revealed the last ion present, Cu2+. The confirmatory test of copper revealed a positive result. This test was actually performed a couple of times to get a positive test due to skipping of a solut ion. Copper was confirmed by adding K4Fe(CN)6 to supernatant. A maroon precipitate formed, Cu2Fe(CN)6. Lastly, a solution containing four unknown ions (#6) was to be determined. The determined ions for solution #6 was iron (Fe3+), chromium (Cr3+), bismuth (Bi2+), and aluminum (Al3+). In step 5,Show MoreRelatedBusiness Continuity Research921 Words   |  4 Pagesparticipants, instruments used, the procedure, a data analysis plan, and the sample size justification (Anon., n.d.). The research design methods should be discussed, such as whether it was quantitative, qualitative, or mixed. The quantitative method assesses the participant responses on a measure. The qualitative method is a semi-structured interview that gets transcribed. The mixed method is a mix of the quantitative and the qualitative methods. 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The Effects of High Glucose Intake Free Essays

Glucose is a sugar that comes from the breakdown of all carbohydrates in the diet, and is very soluble in water. The chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6. Glucose is a vital part of brain function as it is the only fuel that your brain can use. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of High Glucose Intake or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you are consuming a low-carbohydrate diet, you may not be getting enough glucose for your brain to function properly. Because your brain ultimately controls all other functions within your body, giving your brain too little glucose can be dangerous to your overall health. Also, overconsumption of sugar in the body can lead to unpleasant phenomena. According to biochemistry Reginald Garrett, Ph. D. and Charles Grisham, Ph. D. the first major side effect of glucose overconsumption is a sugar high (hypoglycemia), which feels a bit like a caffeine buzz, because glucose absorption occurs really fast in the body when partaking too much sugary foods. Diabetes is a very scary and progressive disease, which can result a serious social problem and an economic burden on a person who has this kind of disease. Collective efforts are needed to improve both the level of knowledge about the disease and the outcomes of patient management. Therefore, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) aiming to increase the level of knowledge about diabetes and to determine both appropriate uses of blood glucose monitoring and appropriate measures required to accurately assess the performance of this practice. The first goal of ADA is to identify critical elements of a proper clinical trial of self-monitoring of blood glucose in type2 diabetes. According to American Diabetes Association, a person who has type 2 diabetes or a non-insulin-dependent has a lot of complications because their body can’t use the insulin properly but their pancreas produces too much insulin. So, when the body can’t use enough insulin and there is too much insulin in the body, the glucose or the sugar will build up in the blood instead of going to the cells. When these things happen, the cell of the body can’t function properly because the cells need sugar for the energy. There are some problems found when the glucose build up to the blood and it include the following: first is damaging of the body, where the high glucose (sugar) levels in the blood damage the nerve and the small blood vessels in the eyes, kidneys, and the heart, and it can cause the hardening of a patients artery and it can lead into a sudden heart attack or maybe a stroke. Second is the malfunction of the kidney when the high amount of glucose in the blood of a patient, and it can cause a frequent urination which a large amount of water will be lost in the body, this can cause of dehydration. Third is when a person can’t change the fluid that they lost or the person is not able to intake some fluids when they are very dehydrated, the patient becomes very sick and lead into diabetic come which is a life threatening complications. There some cases that the symptoms are very mild and can’t be detected, in these cases the patients usually want to drink more liquid and they feel very thirsty, the patients feel exhausted at all time, they always feel nausea with the unclear vision, their skin is usually dry and flaky, when they get wounds it is very slow to get healed, and can’t feel anything on their hands and feet because of losing sensation. From all these symptoms, only doctors can diagnose weather you are a hypoglycemic or hypoglycemic by conducting some test or measuring the glucose in the blood after instructing the patient not to eat for eight hours before the testing. This test is called glucose tolerance. There were an experimental studies and observational studies that too much intake of sugar in the body is more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, and too much sugar intake is associated with the development of obesity. Although there’s no established RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance) for sugar, because as far as it’s known, sugar is not really needed for nutrition, compare to salt that has restrictions in taking it. All foods have some natural sugars, but sugar itself, the white or brown but the stuff in the cookies, is a purely optional taste sensation. The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) recommends that sugar make up no more than 8% of the daily intake of calories, but most. American adults take in twice that much. If you still consume sugar, it should be 12 teaspoons added sugar for a 2000 calorie per day diet, that is, no more than 40 grams per day for a 2000 calorie diet. Remember that the daily limit of 40 grams refers to refined and processed sugars only. There seems to be no limit on natural sugars. In these studies using the models called econometric of cross-sectional data on diabetes which is repeated and there are 175 countries participate for the nutritional components of food, these studies found that one can of soda is 150 kcal per person per day and it is increasing the availability of sugar and there is a relation with increasing of diabetes cases. When they’re done with this testing and tried to control for other food types like; some meat, some fruits, some oils, and some cereals, monitoring the total calories intake, the overweight person and some obesity cases, some period effects, and some social economic like their income, their crowded places and a very low income. There was no other food typed that was yielding, important individual association with the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a specific time after they were controlling the case for obesity. According to this study, the sugar on diabetes was the biggest impact and it was not dependent of tending to sit about without taking much exercise and the usage of alcohol, there was an effect which is modified but it’s not that clear for obesity or for the diabetes. After all these reviews, the high sugar intake and the proportion of a population found to have diabetes, and the bearing of high sugar intake on overweight are being discussed. The evidence is not accurate for the proportion of a population found to have diabetes was because of high sugar intake, but it doesn’t mean that taking too much sugar in the body is not important. Since the population of obesity in the world, and the case of diabetes is growing rapidly, there should be restrictions of sugar in the diet, and it is very important like the other restrictions of diet. In conclusion the requirement of screening is the screener need to show them that they like the benefit of screening. It didn’t show that there is a clear benefit from the screening of the hyperglycemia or they called it glucose intolerance, mostly was women who are pregnant, and pregnant women who are at risk of caesarean section, and the disadvantage which is the acquired of the status of this disease. That screening was being argued on how to identify somebody who is at risk of succeeding non-insulin-dependent (type 2 diabetes) or a patient who is suspected to have that disease and undiagnosed is a good thing. How to cite The Effects of High Glucose Intake, Essay examples

Crime Prevention Coalition of America free essay sample

This paper will analysis how the Crime Prevention Coalition of America works, it will also including statistical support, of the success of he program In affecting crime. A critical analysis of the effectiveness of the Crime Prevention Coalition of America. Commentary on the Impacts of societal factors that deals with the Crime Prevention Coalition of America. Then I will attempt to make a prediction concerning the technological advancements of the program and the resulting success or failure based upon those advancements. The Crime Prevention Coalition of America is a nonpartisan group of more than 400 national, state, federal, and community-based organizations united to promote citizen action to prevent crime. Established in 1980, its members include youth development organizations, multinationals, law enforcement agencies, federal and state government representatives, state crime prevention associations. And community-based groups (NCSC, 2012). The Crime Prevention Coalition of America works with all these groups to ensure a way to make safe communities. The philosophy of the Crime Prevention Coalition of America believes that: Preventing Crime Is * Everyones business * More than security * A responsibility of all levels and agencies of government * Linked with solving social problems * Cost-effective Preventing Crime Requires A central role in law enforcement * Cooperation and collaboration by all elements of the community Education Tailoring to local needs and conditions Continual evaluation and improvement (NCSC, 2012). Under the philosophy of Crime Prevention Coalition of America it is everyones Job to help prevent and control the criminal element.This group believes that each of us should do are part in preventing crimes and making sure that the people who are committing crimes are held accountable. The Crime Prevention Coalition of America brings the community and law enforcement together, because this group knows that The crime triangle is made up of three different things they are: target, desire, and opportunity. All of the se have to be present of a crime to be successful. The element or the elements of the crime triangle that the Crime Prevention Coalition of America are all three of the elements that make up the triangle. The first element of the crime triangle is desire. That is the criminals drive, intent and motivation. There is nothing you can realistically do to curtail or eliminate that desire. Once he has the desire, he is looking for a target and an opportunity. A target is anyone who appears o be an easy victim. A target appears not to be aware of their surroundings and appears easy to overtake or overpower. An easy target, by definition, will not put up any resistance. The next element is opportunity. You control this by paying attention to your environment. Are you in a bad area of town? Are you walking in an unlit area?Are you in a secluded area? Are you letting strangers in too close to ask questions not defining personal boundaries? Limiting opportunities is about being aware of your environment and your intuition to remove yourself from a questionable environment once you sense danger (Womens Self-Defense Institute, 2002-2012). With the knowledge that the Crime Prevention Coalition of America gives people in the community and the knowledge that it gives to the law enforcement group it allows people to be aware of the three elements of the crime triangle and it allows you to remove the ones that you are capable of changing.Of the three elements of the crime triangle you cant do nothing about the desire part because that is all up to the criminal, however you can change the way you are looked at as a target and the opportunity of becoming a victim. These two parts of the crime triangle you can be taught to manage and be aware of. The way that this program can teach you about the desire part of the crime triangle is that it teaches you to the observation of the people around you. With knowing who is around you, you will be able to see how a person who is acting weird and maybe up to no good.The Crime Prevention Coalition of America works to prevent crimes in many ways; it will also show the statistical support to show how effective they are in this area if there is proof and with the success of the program in affecting crime and crime rate. In October 2007, the National Crime Prevention Council, in partnership with the Crime Prevention Coalition of America and the U. S. Department of Justice, hosted the 8th National Conference on Preventing Crime: Helping Build Safer Communities, in Atlanta, GA. CPA members received a member discount of $50 off their registration fees for the conference. The conference offered more than 65 educational sessions presented by the nations leading crime prevention specialists on topics such as emerging trends in crime prevention, bullying, Internet safety, community preparedness, Neighborhood Watch, gang prevention, fraud prevention for senior citizens, and more. The conference provided a forum and training for all crime prevention practitioners to identify and learn about emerging trends and issues and ways to address them; to network with colleagues from across the country, sharing experiences and successes; and to renew commitments to prevention as a priority in reducing crime.The National Conference on Preventing Crime has proven to be a driving force in disseminating crime prevention information nationwide and promoting crime prevention issues to policymakers at the national, state, and local Coalition of America has developed a number of strategies to help carry out its mission of making crime prevention a grassroots community movem ent and a national priority.The Coalition has worked to * Develop and implement a crime prevention action initiative to enlist individuals, businesses, faith communities, community groups, and governments to implement prevention strategies, tactics, and programs, building on the success of the National Citizens Crime Prevention Campaign * Identify, develop, and promote community-level programs, projects, policies, and approaches that have proven successful in reducing crime * Establish abstractive themes for community action initiatives * Foster shared responsibility among Coalition member organizations to encourage prevention-focused reporting on crime * Enhance the structure and operations of the Crime Prevention Coalition of America to help its member organizations provide leadership in the effort to reduce and prevent crime * Create Coalition member task groups to focus on specific issues of concern to member organizations * Strengthen the National Crime Prevention Council, the secretariat of the Crime Prevention Coalition of America, to be the nations primary source for crime prevention information (NCSC, 2012).These are the strategies that the Crime Prevention Coalition of America has put into place to try to get its message across and away to provide people with the knowledge to keep themselves and their love ones from becoming a victim of criminal active. According to the Bureau of Justice Assistance there are still things we dont know about the effectiveness of these programs and if they are the true cause for the drop in the crime rate While there is some evidence of the effectiveness of some immunity-based programs, there is still much to learn about the impact of these programs on crime. To date, there are relatively few methodologically rigorous evaluations of these programs. As a result, researchers have often not been able to establish whether the program or other factor(s) were responsible for the observed outcomes.Isolating a community crime prevention programs effect has been particularly difficult due to factors such as: * program evaluation costs; * identifying appropriate comparison areas; * implementation of multiple programs in a community; * small samples; individualized nature of the intervention; and * Data collection problems (e. G. , refusal of stakeholders to support data collection efforts). Despite some positive results to date, evidence of crime reduction or prevention attributable to community-based crime prevention programs is limited. Until more methodologically rigorous evaluations are conducted, it is not possible to determine whether the lack of positive results is due to flawed program theory, weak evaluation designs, or poor program implementation(2008). So with this evidence it is hard to determine if the program works or not. There is a lot that goes into a successful program and it is like anything else that is successful in this world, it is going to be a lot of hard work and it will require a lot of time to go into it to make it a success. There is an old saying that anything worth having is worth working for and nothing comes easy. This includes crime free communities to have a crime free community you have to work hard at it. Societal factors that deals with the Crime to stand up and hold people accountable for their actions whether it be someone you know or a person that is a complete stranger to you. Citizens need to work closely with local law enforcement serving as the eyes and ears of the community. Dir.War suggests three ways to better align perceptions with actual risk: 1) Educate people about the context of crimes that are reported in the media 2) Educate them about the facts surrounding likelihood of factorization 3) Address the environmental cues to danger All these efforts are mainstays of crime prevention, which the Crime Prevention Coalition of America defines as a pattern of attitudes and behaviors directed both at reducing the threat of crime and enhancing the sense of safety and security, to positively influence the quality of life in our society, and to help develop environments where crime cannot flourish. (Crime Prevention Matters, 2008). The prediction concerning the technological advancements of the Crime Prevention Coalition of America and the resulting whether they will be successful or failures based upon these advancements. Under the umbrella of the new strategic plan, NCSC will continue to supply resources, tools, and training to reduce the opportunities for crime. In the fall of 2007, through the support of the Bureau of Justice Assistance, U. S. Department Justice, NCSC released Volume 3 of Crime Prevention Presentations, a CD-ROOM for use by CPA members.These presentations are in Powering format and cover topics such as online predators, preventing violence in the workplace, prisoner reentry, and keeping information safe in the technology age. Volumes 1 and 2, which include presentations on 15 crime prevention topics, are available free online. Each presentation is designed to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. These presentations are ideal for CPA members who are not able to travel to training events due to budget or response constraints( The Crime Prevention Coalition of America,2007). With their program changing to stay up with the advancements in technology the program seems to me like it has insured its survival for now.As long as you can change your program Just enough to adapt to the changes in the world around you then you will ensure the life of your program. With the every change world of technology and the evolving world of crime these crime prevention programs will have to continue to change to stay up with the changes in our every changing lives. The Crime Prevention Coalition of America is a crime preventing program that has been around for a while now and with its longevity it has partnered up or help create other organizations to help people prevent or fight crime in their neighborhoods. The Crime Prevention Coalition of America was established to teach people and to show people what will and can happen if crime sets up shop in their communities.

The Beowulf Poet Reveals The Theme Of Loyal Dependency Essay Research Paper Example For Students

The Beowulf Poet Reveals The Theme Of Loyal Dependency Essay Research Paper Although Beowulf Is under no obligation to do so, he demonstrates his loyalty to Warthogs by willingly fighting to the death in order to defend the Danes against the evil monster Grenade. Winning victoriously, Beowulf proudly displays Grenades shoulder and arm by hanging it from Heros rafters for everyone to see. This trophy with Every nail, claw-scale and spur, every spike and welt Like barbed steel, (lines 983-986) symbolizes the evil that has threatened the harmony of Hoarders retainers from being able to protect Horror and their lord. When Warthogs gazes upon Grenades talon. En he praises Beowulf as the flower of manhood (942), and when he adopts Beowulf as his own son, the reader senses the importance of this symbol reflecting the interdependence necessary for survival in an Anglo-Saxon society. Hoarders loyalty to Beowulf is symbolized by the abundant gifts with which he rewards the young hero. By rewarding him with a wealth of wrought gold Two arm bangles, a mall-shirt and rin gs, (1 1 92) Warthogs shows the extent that he values Beowulf actions as well as the amount of dependence that he places upon Beowulf to protect Horror, his people, and himself. We will write a custom essay on The Beowulf Poet Reveals The Theme Of Loyal Dependency Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The golden torque that is presented to Beowulf at the banquet following his extraordinary defeat of Grenade is The most resplendent torque of gold (1194) and its meaning as a symbolic object deepens in that it was worn by Hygiene on his last raid, (1203), thus showing the ongoing dependence upon the loyalty of kings to brave heroes as a means of protecting their kingdom. When, much later in life, Beowulf faces the dragon in the battle that is to be his end, all of his men defending the country alongside him flee when the outcome appears to turn in favor of the dragon. All except for one young thane, Wigwag, who stays to eight for Beowulf and his kingdom. Wigwag announces that, l would rather my body were robed In the same burning blaze as my gold-givers body than go back home bearing arms, (22651), thus Glenn the reader a strong sense of faithfulness and loyalty for the life of Beowulf, his king. The wound dealt by the dragon to Wigwams hand. His fighting hand was burned when he came to his kinsmans aid, (2697) symbolizes the willingness of Wigwag to sacrifice his own life and vitality for the sake of his leader and shows the reader the importance of protecting his kings life before his own. In offering his physical strength for the protection of his lord Wigwag finds a new strength welling up, (2878-2879) which demonstrates how he finds a sense of strength in protecting Beowulf and is thus dependent upon this loyal relationship to his lord. Wigwag sacrifices his own security and safety by obeying Beowulf last requests completely, staying beside him as Beowulf draws his last breath, and cleansing his lords battle-torn body which shows clearly the his desperate sense of interdependent loyalty upon his lord. The collar of gold from his neck and gave it to the young thane (Wagtail (2809) Beowulf is keenly aware that his life is in its final stage. In bestowing upon Wigwag the precious gift, which Warthogs had given to him out of loyalty, Beowulf is demonstrating his dependence upon Wigwams loyalty and protection in battle. Beowulf is placing a deep loyalty in Wigwag as an equal in battle when he shares with him the wide rim (shield) once his (Wigwams) own had shattered in sparks and ashes, (2675-2677). By declaring Wigwag as the last of us, the only one left of the Housewarmings (2813-2814) Beowulf, in a sense, adopts Wigwag as his son much the name as Warthogs does for him in the beginning of the poem. .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 , .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 .postImageUrl , .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 , .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7:hover , .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7:visited , .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7:active { border:0!important; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7:active , .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7 .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u19106c8bf3e18a0d8339d8b6c8e26fe7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John donne as a metaphysical poet EssayThis vulnerable action enhances the readers awareness of what Wigwams loyalty to the death means to Beowulf. Wigwag means war survivor and Beowulf is now dependent upon his loyalty to carry on as the king and protector of the Seats. The Beowulf poet thoroughly permeates the theme of loyal dependency into the epic by showing through symbolism the great reliance of the Anglo-Saxon culture upon loyalty from one human to another. Through the relationships between lord and thane the epic shows that as long as there are leaders and followers willing to serve hem, there will be dependency upon the loyalty of each to the other. Loyalty is one of the most important qualities a man can possess and its presence in a person elevates him from ordinary to heroic. Loyalty is a providing factor in the continuance of existence as it is demonstrated by the protection of life and reward for that protection. As a value of morality and a code of honor, loyal dependency is worth more than any material possession when harnessed and used for the good of mankind as Beowulf so clearly shows through the many examples presented here.

How to Write a Speech in Nutrition #038; Dietary Science an Optimal Guide for Students

How to Write a Speech in Nutrition #038; Dietary Science an Optimal Guide for Students On the one hand, nutrition and dietary science by itself is not a very public speech-oriented discipline. It mostly deals with long-running studies and analyzing statistical data from huge arrays of data – the very nature of this science means that any progress is based on prolonged (often may years long) research of how this or that combination of nutrients affects humans and other living beings. On the other hand, it is hard to imagine another science that would mean so much for an average human. Everybody makes dozens of nutrition-related decisions every day, and our health, lifespan and wellbeing heavily depend on what we know about this subject and if we are willing to apply this knowledge. It is no wonder, then, that many courses in nutrition and dietary science include segments related to speeches, their preparation and delivery. Anybody studying this discipline seriously should expect to be asked to deliver a speech every now and then – and learning the main principles of how to do it before you run into such a task the first time is certainly worth it. You can find all the necessary information in bits and pieces over the Internet; or you can read this guide where it is neatly packed on a single page. How to Write a Speech in Nutrition Dietary Science: Before You Start Writing 1. How to Choose a Topic That Will Suit You The choice of topic often defines whether a speech is going to be a success or not. Fortunately, nutrition offers a broad choice of subjects to talk about. Here are some ideas that lend themselves especially well to the format of a speech: Discuss a popular fad diet and explain why resorting to it is useless and potentially harmful for your health; Discribe one of the current widespread approaches to nutrition and how it relates to other theories; Study how nutritional and dietary recommendations evolved in the course of time; Think of how nutrition is related to various diseases and health conditions. Try to choose a topic you find fascinating yourself. If you are not interested in what you are talking about, you cannot expect to draw in other people as well. Here are some examples of what you can talk about: Nutrition and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: What We Can Do; How Our Food Choices and Habits Influence Our Cancer Risks; Eating Disorders: A Problem for Nutrition or Psychology? The Role of Nutrition in Migraines; Low Carb High Fat Diet: a Crazy Fad or a Real Solution to Excessive Weight Problem? 2. Calculate Your Approximate Word Limit Speeches are measured by how long they take to deliver, not by the number of words. At a glance, it does not seem like a problem – simply take any online tool for converting between words and minutes, and get the desired results. However, reality is a little bit more complicated: Speech speed differs depending on the subject matter and language complexity; Different people have different natural rates of speech (from 110 to 200 words per minute and beyond); The same person may speak at different speeds in different conditions (hence often higher speed in stressful environments, like when delivering a speech). In other words, use the results of such converters as approximate values. Later you will have to practice the speech you have written to see if you can cram it into your time slot. 3. Define the Purpose of Your Speech The format and other aspects of a speech are defined by its primary purpose. In nutrition and dietary science, it is usually persuasion (you want to convince other people to change their views on food, nutrition and lifestyle) and instruction (you want to give the audience information about nutrition they do not currently know, without actively trying to have them change their minds on anything). Anyway, you should decide which goal you pursue before you start planning, let alone writing. Another common type of speech is an entertaining one. Although you are unlikely to have to write one as an assignment from your professor, sometimes adding amusing stories or quotations is a good idea to build rapport with the audience. 4. Plan Your Speech Speechwriting suffers from insufficient planning even more than any other type of academic writing. The audience perceive the speech by ear, without the help of a text. They cannot go back if they miss something or get confused. If you lose your audience halfway through, your chances of getting them on board again are extremely slim. This is why it is so important to start with building a framework and sticking to it. Divide your future speech into parts (they are usually similar to most other academic texts: opening, body, conclusion) and jot down the most important aspects of each of them. Introduction – how you will grab the audience’s attention and lead up to your main arguments; Body – how many points you will use to support your argument, what evidence and statistics you will introduce in each of them; Conclusion – what powerful and memorable statement you will make to illustrate your main argument, how you will motivate and encourage the audience to take an action relevant to what you have been talking about. In addition, set aside specific amounts of time to spend on each part of the speech: better to do it now than to hectically cut parts of your text when you discover you have exceeded the limit without covering half of what you intended. How to Write a Speech in Nutrition Dietary Science: Writing Suggestions 1. Do not Overload Your Speech with Facts, Statistics and Quotations They are like seasoning – when used in moderation, they can turn an otherwise bland speech into an exciting piece of content. However, if you use them too often, it will likely have an opposite effect. The audience will think that you have nothing of your own to say and get confused with all the quotes and figures you throw their way. Therefore, choose which hard facts you use very carefully and only introduce what is definitely relevant for the topic, no more than one or two times per point. 2. Use Repetition to Your Benefit Repetition, when cleverly used, can go a long way towards driving your point home. Pick a word or a phrase that plays an important role in helping your argument, and use it several times across the speech. You may emphasize it non-verbally, if necessary, for example, by preceding or following it with a pause. For example, if you are talking about the influence of certain products on health, you can emphasize how important it is by using the word â€Å"life† and repeating it every time when you introduce new evidence supporting your suggestion. 3. Use Conversational Language Although you write your speech on paper, you should keep it in mind that it is meant to be spoken aloud. This means that you should use language that is closer to spoken, not written English. This means: Shorter, simpler sentences; Next to no complex sentences with multiple clauses; Use of simpler synonyms of longer and more complicated words; Certain deviations from proper grammar are allowed. Of course, you can write the way you usually do, but the audience will have harder time following you. 4. Begin and Finish the Speech on Strong Notes The opening is important because it defines the initial attitude the audience will take towards you and your speech. You should grab their attention immediately (e.g., by providing some highly unexpected fact about proper diet), show your credibility (e.g., by referring to personal experience) and seamlessly lead them up to the main part. The conclusion is important because it determines the impression you leave the audience with. Even if the speech was good, a weak ending can make the audience wonder what it was they were listening to. 5. Connect Individual Points with Proper Transitions Words like ‘so’, ‘therefore’, ‘thus’, ‘likewise’, ‘next’, etc. create logical connections between individual parts of text. They are important in all kinds of academic texts, but play an especially significant role in speeches, because people actually listen to them. When you listen to a text without transitions, it feels choppy and disconnected. So, make sure you end and begin points with these words and sentences. How to Write a Speech in Nutrition Dietary Science: After the Writing In academic writing, it is never a good idea to think that you job is done once you finished writing per se. It is doubly so when it comes to speechwriting, especially on such crucial and sensitive topics as nutrition and dietary science. Not only can you make a serious mistake that will be easily exposed once you are on stage, but also there is always a likelihood of saying something that will offend somebody. Therefore, some post-writing work is always necessary. 1. Proofread It Several Times Differently from most other academic assignments, you need not pay much attention to spelling and grammar. What is important is how your speech sounds, not how it reads. People will not see your spelling, and some grammatical irregularities are to be expected in oral speech. However, you should pay attention to potential weak spots: leaps of logic (conclusions that do not logically follow from the preceding evidence), abrupt transitions between points, irrelevant evidence or statistics, etc. Identify the areas you can improve and do it. 2. Read Your Speech Aloud Quite often problems go unnoticed until you try to hear how the speech reads and sounds aloud. Thus you are more likely to notice if certain sections sound unnatural and need to be worded differently. Time yourself when you read it to make sure you can fit the speech in your time limit. 3. Ask Somebody to Listen to You Deliver It Another person, somebody who has never seen the speech on paper, is always more likely to notice if there is something wrong with it than the one who wrote it. Get somebody whose judgment you trust listen to your delivery and ask him/her if: There are any confusing parts? The logic is sound? The points follow each other naturally? You missed anything? 4. Incorporate Visual Aids if You Are Allowed to Do So Not every speech needs visual aids, and your assignment does not always presuppose that you should use them. However, when used cleverly and in coordination with the speech itself, they can greatly increase the effect of its delivery, especially when dealing with complex topics. Nutrition and dietary science, being a health-related discipline, can also benefit from various visual representations of how changes in nutrition positively and negatively affect human body. Before you start designing your slides, decide which tool you are going to use – today one has access to plenty of alternatives to PowerPoint. However, use visual aids sparingly and do not make them the centerpiece of your performance. The speech is primary; slides should simply illustrate your point from time to time, lest they draw attention from you and your delivery. 5. Check if the Tone of Your Speech Is Consistent Or, if it changes at certain points, make sure it follows your design. Incongruous tone can harm your credibility and make the entire speech sound weird and disjointed. The tone is defined by many things: your choice of words, the kinds of rhetorical questions you address to the audience, even your body language. This means that you should bring both verbal and non-verbal aspects of your speech in accordance with your tone. We hope that after reading this guide you will have no further questions about writing speeches in nutrition and dietary science – our writers have already thought about everything for you!

Australian Wills, Estates, and Probate Records

Australian Wills, Estates, and Probate Records Wills and probate records can often be a gold mine when researching Australian ancestors. Wills generally list surviving heirs by name, providing confirmation of family relationships. Probate records which document the handling of the estate through the court, whether the deceased died testate (with a will) or intestate (without a will), may help identify where family members were living at the time, including those residing in other Australian states, or even back in Great Britain. For more information on the valuable genealogical clues estate records can provide, see Probing into Probate Records. There is no central archive of wills in Australia. Instead, wills and probate registers are maintained by each Australian state, generally through the probate registry or probate office of the Supreme Court. Some states have transferred their early wills and probates, or provided copies, to the State Archives or Public Record Office. Many Australian probate records have also been filmed by the Family History Library, but some of these films are not permitted to be circulated to Family History Centers. How to Locate Australian Wills Probate Records AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORYRecords begin in 1911Indexes to wills and probate records in the Australian Capital Territory have not been published, and the records are not available online. ACT Supreme Court Registry4 Knowles PlaceCanberra ACT 2601 NEW SOUTH WALESRecords begin in 1800The Supreme Court NSW Probate Division has published an index to probates granted in NSW between 1800 and 1985, available in the NSW State Records Authority reading room and many major libraries (not available online). An index to early wills not included in the regular probate series is available online. Probate packets and wills from 1817 through 1965 have been transferred from the Supreme Court to the State Records Authority of New South Wales. Many of these probate packets are indexed online in Archives Investigator, including Series 1 (1817–1873), Series 2 (1873–1876), Series 3 (1876–c.1890) and a portion of Series 4 (1928–1954). Select Simple Search and then type in the name of your ancestor (or even just a surname), plus the term death to find indexed wills and probates, including the information youll need to retrieve a copy of the full probate packet. Learn more in the NSW Archives briefs Probate Packets and Deceased Estate Files, 1880–1958. State RecordsWestern Sydney Records Centre143 OConnell StreetKingswood NSW 2747 Access to wills and probate records from 1966 to the present require an application  to the Probate Division of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. Supreme Court of New South WalesProbate DivisionG.P.O. Box 3Sydney NSW 2000 NORTHERN TERRITORYRecords begin in 1911Indexes to Northern Territory wills and probates have been created and published on microfiche. The Family History Library has a partial set, but they are not open for circulation to Family History Centers (viewable in Salt Lake City only). Alternatively, send a SASE to the Northern Territory Registrar of Probates with details on the descendant, and they will send a return letter regarding the availability of the record and fees to obtain a copy. Registrar of ProbatesSupreme Court of the Northern TerritoryLaw Courts BuildingMitchell StreetDarwin, Northern Territory 0800 QUEENSLANDRecords begin in 1857Queensland has more will and probate records online than any other Australian state or territory, courtesy of the Queensland State Archives. Detailed information is available in their Brief Guide 19: Will Intestacy Records. Index to Wills, 1857-1940  - An online index to wills compiled from original Supreme Court files from all districts, including a few wills for people who died outside Queensland.Equity Index 1857-1899  - An online index to original Supreme Court Equity files that include the names of all people connected with a case.Instruments of Renunciation 1915-1983 - Lodged by executors who were no longer willing to administer a will, these records include many details on the deceased and estate.Trustees Files Index 1889-1929 - Files related to trusts set up under the terms of a will. Queensland State Archives435 Compton Road, RuncornBrisbane, Queensland 4113 More recent probates in Queensland are administered by and available through Queensland district court registrars. An index to the most recent probates from all districts can be searched online. Queensland eCourts Party Search – An online index to Queensland Supreme and District Court files from as early as 1992 (Brisbane) to the present. Supreme Court of Queensland, Southern DistrictGeorge StreetBrisbane, Queensland 4000 Supreme Court of Queensland, Central DistrictEast StreetRockhampton, Queensland 4700 Supreme Court of Queensland, Northern DistrictWalker StreetTownsville, Queensland 4810 SOUTH AUSTRALIARecords begin in 1832The Probate Registry Office holds wills and related documents for South Australia from 1844. Adelaide Proformat offers a fee-based probate record access service. Probate Registry OfficeSupreme Court of South Australia1 Gouger StreetAdelaide, SA 5000 TASMANIARecords begin in 1824The Archives Office of Tasmania holds most older records relating to the administration of probate in Tasmania; their Brief Guide 12: Probate includes details on all available records. The Archives Office also has an online index with digitized copies of wills (AD960) and letters of administration (AD961) up to 1989 available for online viewing. Index to Wills Letters of Administration from 1824-1989 (Tasmania) (includes digitized records) Probate RegistrySupreme Court of TasmaniaSalamanca PlaceHobart, Tasmania 7000 VICTORIARecords begin in 1841Wills and probate records created in Victoria between 1841 and 1925 have been indexed and digitized and made available online free of charge. Records of wills and probate records up to 1992 will eventually be included in this online index. Probate records after 1925 and up through about the last decade or so can be ordered through the Public Record Office of Victoria. Public Record Office Victoria99 Shiel StreetNorth Melbourne VIC 3051 Index to Wills, Probate and Administration Records 1841-1925 (Victoria) (includes digitized records) Generally, wills and probate records created within the past 7 to 10 years can be accessed through the Probate Office of the Supreme Court of Victoria. Registrar of ProbatesSupreme Court of VictoriaLevel 2: 436 Lonsdale StreetMelbourne VIC 3000 WESTERN AUSTRALIARecords from 1832Probate records and wills in Western Australia are not generally available online. See Information Sheet: Grants of Probate (Wills) and Letters of Administration from the State Records Office of Western Australia for further information. The State Records Office holds two indexes to wills and letters of administration: 1832-1939 and 1900-1993. Files up to 1947 are available at State Records Office on microfilm for viewing. State Records OfficeAlexander Library BuildingJames Street West EntrancePerth Cultural CentrePerth WA 6000 Most Supreme Court records in Western Australia, including probates, are covered by a 75 year restricted access period to protect the privacy of persons mentioned in the records. Written permission from the Supreme Court is needed before viewing. Probate Office14th Floor, 111 Georges StreetPerth WA 6000

The Life Cycle of the Photon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Life Cycle of the Photon - Research Paper Example Both at the micro and macroscopic the effects of this force are observable as these photons have zero rest mass that allows interactions at long distances (Newton, 1949). Photons can be best explained through quantum mechanism and they have wave particle duality that means they exhibit properties of particles and waves both. Like for instance a photon can be refracted by the lens and can display wave interference with itself and also perform as particle while its position is measured. Max Planck, In the year 1900 working on the black-body-radiation suggested that energy can only be released in packets in the electromagnetic waves. In 1901 he named these particles energy particles. The quanta was used meaning particles. Later Albert Einstein in 1905 suggested the electromagnetic waves can exist in discrete-wave-packets called light quantum. The word photon was derived from a Greek word for beam. Photon was the term coined by Gilbert Lewis, in 1926 via the light concept in discrete particles form photon had been present around for ages and had been formalized in Newton’s science of optics’ construction. In Physics photon is denoted by a sign ÃŽ ³ derived from the gamma rays whereas in Chemistry it is denoted by hv. The photon is an elementary particle which has no mass. It is impossible that a photon decays on its own although its energy can be created or transferred through interaction with the other particles. They are electrically neutral and rare particles that are similar to their antiphoton and antiparticle. Photons are the spin 1 particles with spin axis which is parallel to travelling direction. This feature allows the polarization of light. Light has properties of particle and wave both. When the light is taken to be as a flow of particles then these particles are known as photons (Bialynicki- Birula, 1994). Each photon carries a distinct energy packet. The beam intensity is dependent upon the photon

Comprehensive Examination Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comprehensive Examination Questions - Essay Example These are the consecutive model and the concurrent model. In the case of consecutive model, a teacher would first obtain a certain qualification in one or more than one subjects (which can be a first university degree) and then she/he would study for an extended period of time to obtain an extra qualification in teaching. In certain systems, it is a postgraduate degree. In the case of concurrent model, the student would concurrently study one or more than one academic subject together with the techniques of teaching that subject, which would eventually lead to the eligibility to be a teacher in that subject. Through the above discussion, we understand the beginning of the process of teacher development. Stage theories develop from this very process of ‘making’ a teacher. In this process of teacher development, illustrations, examples, explanations, and demonstrations are crucial. In a word, the ways of representing and formulating the subject that makes it comprehensible to others †¦ (it) also includes an understanding of what makes the learning of specific topics easy or difficult: the conceptions and preconceptions that students of different ages and backgrounds bring them to the learning (Craft et al, 2001). Hence, teacher development would be a stage-wise process that would enable the teacher to handle the various needs of this demanding profession in today’s complex environment. In this context, one of the two current stage theories that would be discussed here is given by R. Fessler and J. Christiansen. According to them, an individual teacher would go across eight life-long stages of career. More or less time would be spent in a given stage according as the organizational and personal environment influencers. These eight stages in the Fessler and Christiansen Teacher Career Cycle can be defined as Preservice, Induction, Competency Building, Enthusiastic and Growing, Career Frustration, Stability, Career Wind-Down, and

World Hunger Through Out the World Essay Example for Free

World Hunger Through Out the World Essay 1. Political Conditions Cause World Hunger War is a political cause for hunger. War slows or stops food production and marketing. Food supplies are often taken and used for soldiers during war, crop cycles are interrupted, seeds and livestock are consumed in desperation, and children suffer lasting health damage as a result of insufficient food. Even if fighting never occurs, heavy military spending takes away from food production, education, and health care. 2. Economic Conditions Cause World Hunger One of the main causes of hunger is poverty. Most of the people who are hungry do not have enough money to purchase the food they need. The poorest and most food-insecure people live in Africa, while the largest number of continually undernourished people live in the Asia-Pacific region. Hunger is also especially severe in South Asia, where growing poverty, debt, economic decline, poor terms of trade, fast population growth, unfavorable weather, war, and government collapse have all contributed to the continent’s food problems. In the United States, the share of the population facing hunger has risen because of poor economic conditions. But, hunger in wealthy nations is not as severe or widespread as in developing countries. 3. Environmental Conditions Cause World Hunger Hunger is also caused by environmental problems. Fresh water, land, forests, and fisheries are being used so much that they are losing their resources. In trying to use the environmental resources, poor and hungry people, lacking economic and political power, have become even more affected by hunger. This is true especially in countries where property ownership is not fair, and poor families are forced to move onto unstable land and to overcrowded cities.

Circulatory System Essay -- essays research papers

Circulatory System A simple definition for the circulatory system would be that it is the main transportation and cooling system for the body. Red Blood Cells have an important job in this system in that they carry all sorts of packages that are needed by all the cells in the body. Red blood cells carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells, which is needed in order for cells to survive. Besides red blood cells there are also White Blood Cells moving in the circulatory system. White Blood Cells can be considered as the paramedics, police and street cleaners of the circulatory system. Anytime we have a cold, a cut, or an infection the white blood cells go to work. From research I also came to find out that white blood cells also help cuts or wounds to heal quicker. Something I did not know was that puss which appears during an infection are actually white blood cells that are attacking the infection. The highway system of the Circulatory System consists off a lot of one-way streets. The main routes used by the circulatory system are the veins and arteries. Veins are used to carry blood to the heart. Arteries then carry blood away from the heart. Most of the time, blood in the veins is blood where most of the oxygen and nutrients have already been delivered to the cells. This blood is called deoxygenated and is very dark red. Most of the time blood in the arteries is loaded with oxygen and nutrients and the color is very bright red. There is one artery that carries deoxygenated blood and there are some veins that carry oxygenated blood. In order to get more research on this I had to look up some information on the heart and lungs. The heart is not hard to imagine in ones mind because it is simply a two sided, four chambered pump. The heart is mostly made of muscle and is very unique because it is the only muscle that does not become tired like other muscles. . Imagine what would happen if every 15 minutes or so ones heart becomes tired and decides to take a little break! If this were to happen it basically means that in a few moments ones circulatory system will shut down since the heart is the powerhouse of this system. Since it never rest, the heart muscle is always expanding and contracting, usually at between 60 and 100 beats per minute. Since the heart is divided into two sections this means that each section has a specific job. The right side of the heart ... ...ch it is then distributed to the rest of the body. The descending aorta goes behind the heart and down the center of the body. From the aorta, blood is sent off to many other arteries and arterioles (very small arteries) where it gives oxygen and nutrition to every cell in the body. At the end of the arterioles are, guess what, capillaries. The blood gives up its cargo as it passes through the capillaries and enters the venous system. The venous system carries the blood back to the heart. The blood flows from the capillaries, to venues (very small veins), to veins. The two largest veins in the body are the superior and inferior vena cavas. The superior vena cava carries the blood from the upper part of the body to the heart. The inferior vena cava carries the blood from the lower body to the heart. . Many people believe that the blood in the veins is blue but in actuality it is not. Venous blood is really dark red or maroon in color. Veins do have a bluish appearance and this may be why people think venous blood is blue. Both the superior and inferior vena cava ends in the right atrium. The superior vena cava enters from the top and the inferior vena cava enters from the bottom.

Internet as a Learning Tool

International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 INTERNET AS LEARNING TOOL: INDIAN ENGINEERING STUDENT’S PERCEPTION Vandana Sharma [1], Rishu Chhabra[2] 1 2 Education & Research, Infosys Technologies Limited, Mysore, Karnataka, India Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Chitkara University, Punjab, India, ABSTRACT Our global economy now relies on brainpower and innovation rather than manual labor and raw material as a generator of wealth and good education has become the key part in shaping the success of the countries.Over the last decade, t h e I T revolution has brought in advancement that shows increasingly visible effects on the education with the birth of online education. First student community realized the effect of the internet on their education. Invention of internet has removed all the barriers to learning. The scope of this paper is to analyze the north Indian engineering student’s percep tion about internet as learning tool effects of internet on them in perspective of their relations, education, entertainment and and socialization.Technology can have both positive and negative consequences on people in different walks of life at different times. Now necessity is to understand the true impact of it so that everybody gathers benefits that yield a healthy mind. In this paper, with the help of an empirical study it was inspected that whether the contacts via e- mail, online chatting and availability of information through Internet would lead our students in a better learned and connected individual. Study also examines the kind of learning mode students prefer.These issues are discovered in detail and suitable solutions are proposed to counter the negative effects of internet on students. Keyword: Internet, education, learning tool INTRODUCTION Internet is a tool for the improvement of learning. A textbook which was a traditional learning tool are now out of date as in ternet moves quickly and provides updated information and includes a wide variety of International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 international sources. Now learning has a greater reliance on information acquired from the internet rather than from textbooks.Dependence on this tool has increased exponentially and unbelievably. Social, geographical, economical barriers are disappearing as students interact worldwide. The technological revolution has a faster and deeper impact on more and more lives. This has further increased with the improvement of technology. Venkatesh [1] surveyed in his paper that all technologies create an impact of s o m e k i n d . For example, the television technology has had an influence on the media habits of the public, their attitudes and behavior towards entertainment and the interaction between family members.Cole [2] assessed the requisite of Internet as a mainstream medium t h a t m a y s o o n b e a s prevalent a s television although pace of its diffusion seems much faster. Kraut e t al [3] conducted a longitudinal study on the effects of Internet on social involvement and psychological well-being. Their findings show that the greater use of the Internet was significantly related with decreased community within the family, a decrease in local social network and loneliness and depression. In a report of SIQSS, [4] N.Nie has also continued with the negative consequences of the Internet that are similar with the outcomes of the Kraut group. Katz and Aspden [5] made a survey using 2500 respondents, 8 percent of them were Internet users. Comparing users with non-users, they establish no evidence t h a t t h e u s e o f i nternet reduces people’s membership in social and religious organizations. Among users, more use of the Internet was related with additional contact with family members and an increased involvement in online communities. This survey contradicts the discoveries presented in [4] and [5].Wellman [6] made a survey on â€Å"the National Geographic Society website† and came out wi t h t h e s u g g es t i o ns t hat t h e I n t er n e t can be used for increasing interpersonal connectivity and organizational involvement. Not only can expose people to more inf ormation and more contacts, it can reduce commitment to community. However, this increased connectivity and involvement. In 2009 there were nearly 81,000,000 users of internet in India. There are many studies available at global level about the impact of internet on students but studies about Indian engineering students are not available.INTERNET IN EDUCATION There are number of main advantages of using internet for education [7] A . Flexibility and Variety The flexibility of the internet is possibly the greatest advantage for online education. Websites, interactive activities, lecture notes, videoconferencing, webinars, chartrooms, and blogs, online education studen ts and their educators can interact in ways that are already known to them. Internet provides user friendly interface International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 to user and new users also feel more comfortable with time B.Ease and Low Cost of Access Internet has defeated the distance barrier for learning. Students need not to move to gain knowledge. It has become easy and affordable for everyone from a rural area student to a working professional. For the purpose of interactive courses and videoconferencing rural students are facing problem and this still requires attention C. Ease and Low Cost of Setting Information Online Email, chat and interactive online meeting has become new way of learning. Information regarding a course is all available online. This is not only accessible but is affordable for institutes also.Records are available for 24X7 for any time use. D. Ease of Updating Information Online Information up dation is easier than revising a textbook. Results can be displayed just after an exam. A new course is easy to add. New research or finding can become part of syllabus instantly. In [8] Aytekin ISMAN, Fahme DABAJ studied students-teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards internet based on various parameters. It was concluded that at education cycle of students concentrate more to learn internet alternatives and functions for getting great positive benefit their future life by adapting contemporary trends.In [9] Hong etal studied . Students' attitudes toward the use of the Internet for it is important that students should b e exposed learning at a university in Malaysia and showed that to this web based learning so that they could get benefit from Web-based courses and Web-assisted conducted in their field of specialization by the various departments. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this research was to collect information about the impact of internet on learning of eng ineering students. This study is directed to answer following questions: †¢ †¢ †¢ What is the attitude of students towards using internet for their course contents?Do the students prefer using internet over books? Does internet builds confidence in students by helping them in presentations etc.? METHODOLOGY The research instrument in this study was a questionnaire. There were total of 20 questions in this questionnaire each with five selections of response from â€Å"Strongly Agree† to Strongly Disagree†. Questions were divided into four categories. In first category questions were framed to measure student’s attitude toward International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 he use of internet for their course purpose. Sample question for this category is â€Å"With the help of internet I am able to collect more study material â€Å". Second category asks students about their preference of internet over books. Sample question for this statement is â€Å"For study purpose I prefer spending time on internet surfing rather sitting in a library â€Å". Third category measures the student’s attitude for internet as a tool of confidence builder. Sample question is â€Å"Internet has boosted my confidence as I am able to present my reports, seminars etc. n better wayâ€Å". In the last category miscellaneous questions were asked to get student opinion about group learning through internet using blogs and discussion forums, their time spent on internet etc. As all students were engineering students, questions were not asked to measure their basic knowledge and skills of the internet. Population under investigation included 100 students of Computer Science & Engineering of a Wifi enabled engineering institute campus. All students use Laptop and Internet on daily basis. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A.Student’s attitude towards using internet for their syllabi There were four questions under this category. For each statement responses were coded 2 for â€Å"Strongly disagree â€Å"to 5 for â€Å"Strongly agree† and 1 for â€Å"No opinion†. Thus the scores for each student on the statement ranges from 8 to 20. Scores from 8-10, 12-16 and 17-20 were classified as having â€Å"negative† ,†neutral† and â€Å"Positive† attitude towards the use of internet for learning. Table 1 shows the result. Table1. Student’s attitude towards using internet for learning. Scores 8-10 12-16 17-20 Attitude Negative Neutral Positive Frequency 2 58 40B. Student’s preference of internet for study material over the books For each statement responses were coded for 2 â€Å"Strongly disagree â€Å"to 5 for â€Å"Strongly agree† and 1 for â€Å"No opinion†. Thus the scores for each student on the statement range from 10 to 21. Scores from 10-14, 1517 and 18-21 were classified as â€Å"do not prefer us ing internet â€Å",†no preference† and â€Å"prefer use of internet† over books. Table 2 shows the result of student’s preference of internet over books International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011Table2. Student’s preference of internet over books Scores 10-14 15-17 18-21 Preference Frequency Do not 15 Prefer No 48 preference 37 Prefer C. Student’s attitude towards internet as a confidence builder For each statement responses were coded 2 for â€Å"Strongly disagree â€Å"to 5 for â€Å"Strongly agree† and 1 for â€Å"no opinion†. Thus the scores for each student on the statement range from 2 to 10. Scores from 2-4, 5-7 and 810 were classified as having â€Å"Negative â€Å",†Neutral† and â€Å"Positive† attitudes towards the use of internet for learning.Table 3 shows the attitude of students toward internet as confidence builder. Table3. St udent’s attitude towards internet as a confidence builder. Scores 2-4 5-7 8-10 Attitude Negative Neutral Positive Frequency 11 31 58 Despite of the fact that the students in this survey were from computer science & engineering stream half of the students find it difficult to understand all the terms on WebPages. 90% students spend 1-5 hours on internet. 66% students use blogs and discussion forum for the solution to their technical problems.Only 8% students disagree that internet can be helpful in group learning. 79% students consider that mixture of online course and classroom course will be better for learning process. 84% students feel that internet helpful to prepare them for examination. 71% students do not find internet adding to laziness. 51 % students believe that the use of internet has decreased the verbal communications among themselves. Internet has positive impact on learning domain but has negative impact on social aspects of a student’s personality.Thoug h students realize this they should indulge more in social interactions and activities. Institutes should hold seminars time to time to make students aware about the importance of internet as learning tool. Institutes should encourage group learning through internet and should promote the use of blogs for learning purpose. Courses should be designed in blended format of classroom and online teaching. As result of this survey showed that more Indian students are opting online books as compare to paper book so use of online bookInternational Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 reading devices should be promoted. The use of such devices is user friendly. CONCLUSION In this paper result of the survey of use of internet as learning tool by engineering student has been presented. Engineering students are using computer and internet on daily basis. Maximum students find internet a very useful tool for their studies. Students prefer online books and study material. They find internet helpful to boost their confidence for presentations and reports.Engineering institutes should promote the use of internet as a learning tool and should provide infrastructure to facilitate the students. Students also feel that excess use of internet may cause some socialization problems. REFERENCES [1] A. Venkatesh, A c onceptualization of Household/Technology Interactions, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 12, 189-194, 1985. [2] J. I. Cole, The Impact of the Internet on Our Social,Political and Economic Life, The UCCLA Center for communication Policy, 2000. [3] R. Kraut, M. Patterosn, V. undmark, S. Keisler, T.Mukophadhyay and W. Scherlis, Internet Paradox: being? , a Social Technology that Reduces Social Involvement and PsychologicalWell53(9),1998a. American Psychologist, [4] N. Nie, Study of social Consequences of the Internet, Stanford Institute of the Quantitative Study of Society (SIQSS), 2000. [5] J. Katz, and P. Aspden, Motivations for and Barriers to Internet Usage: Results of a national publicopinion survey,Internet Research-Electronic 170, 1997. [6] B. Wellman, A. Q. Haase, J. Witte, K. Hampton, Does the Internet Increase, Decrease, or Supplement Social Capital?Social Networks,Participation, and Community Commitment, The Internet in Everyday Life, American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 437-456, 2001. [7]http://www. college-university- directory. com/internet_1. html [8] Aytekin ISMAN, Fahme DABAJ, Attitudes of Students Towards Internet,Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE October 2004 ISSN 1302-6488 ,5 (4) [9] Kian-Sam Hong, Abang Ahmad Ridzuan , Ming-Koon Kuek , Students' attitudes toward the use of the Internet for learning: A study at a university in Malaysia. networking Applications and Policy, Vol. 7(3),

Sharing a Room Is Difficult

Sharing a room is difficult. Having a younger sister means mess, mess, and more mess. I try to arrange things a certain way and find them completely changed by the time I get home at the end of the day. Despite the downsides of sharing, I love my room because of the way it has changed throughout the years. The first thing you notice as you enter my bedroom is the blue stars on the white walls, and the cherry laminated wood flooring. The size of the room is not big neither small, just average sized. There is only one window which is on the far right corner, which lets the sunlight in every morning. We have a big mirror on the side facing the dresser and my bed. My bed is my favorite thing in my room. After a long day of studying or working out I get to relax on a soft, comfortable, full sized bed. It has a Dodger blue colored comforter set, and about a dozen pillows. There are usually two to three college books laying there for unfinished homework. Space for me is important. I like to have everything in place and very clean. My biggest obstacle is having enough room for my clothes in the closet. Everything is arranged into shirts, sweaters, and coats on one side; and jeans or sweats on the other. Workout shoes, tennis shoes, and heels are all nicely put on the bottom according to color. Movie nights are usually held at my house and in my room so I have a variety of comedies, action, and thriller movies. My all time favorites include: Gone in Sixty Seconds, Crash, A Walk to Remember, and Love and Basketball. I also have an Xbox in my room for when my brother wants to play Call of Duty. The television is my wakeup call every morning. I have a bookshelf filled with about thirty books. Some from high school other’s just for my enjoyment. I enjoy reading books other people recommend or books that grab my attention. Some of my favorite books you will definitely find on the top shelf are: Dear John, The Lovely Bones, and My Sister’s Keeper. I would usually get home and read for about half an hour on my warm and cozy bed.

Free Essays on Religion In Vietnam

Vietnam can be recognized for its tolerance for different beliefs. Article 70 in the Vietnamese constitution states: â€Å"The citizen shall enjoy freedom of belief and of religion; he can follow any religion or follow none. All religions are equal before the law. The places of worship of all faiths and religions are protected by the law. No one can violate freedom of belief and of religion; no one can misuse belief and religions to contravene the law and the State policies.† The religions most practiced in Vietnam include: Buddhist, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic, some Protestant), indigenous beliefs, and Muslim. Around 1920 there was an organized movement for the restoration of Buddhism. For the Buddist, life is seen as a â€Å"vast sea of suffering.† Wisdom lies in the suppression of desires: desires for life, happiness, riches, power, etc. which are considered the root of human suffering. Buddhism is also a religion that involves believing in the Laws of Karma, which is basically the belief that what goes around comes around. Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. The Buddist believes that you are rewarded for the good things and punished for the bad things you do in this life, in the next. The present existence is conditioned by earlier existence and will condition those to fo llow. Most of the Christians that are in Vietnam are Catholics. Protestants Missions have operated in the country since World War II. Some Vietnamese people who practiced other religions looked down upon Protestants because of the association with American missionaries of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, Protestents were considered to have suffered more than Catholics after 1975. In 1965 there were about 1.5 million Catholics in the South and a good majority of the priests and nuns were Vietnamese. Confucianism was and is also a major spirituality in Vietnam to the point where it has had an affect on government.... Free Essays on Religion In Vietnam Free Essays on Religion In Vietnam Vietnam can be recognized for its tolerance for different beliefs. Article 70 in the Vietnamese constitution states: â€Å"The citizen shall enjoy freedom of belief and of religion; he can follow any religion or follow none. All religions are equal before the law. The places of worship of all faiths and religions are protected by the law. No one can violate freedom of belief and of religion; no one can misuse belief and religions to contravene the law and the State policies.† The religions most practiced in Vietnam include: Buddhist, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic, some Protestant), indigenous beliefs, and Muslim. Around 1920 there was an organized movement for the restoration of Buddhism. For the Buddist, life is seen as a â€Å"vast sea of suffering.† Wisdom lies in the suppression of desires: desires for life, happiness, riches, power, etc. which are considered the root of human suffering. Buddhism is also a religion that involves believing in the Laws of Karma, which is basically the belief that what goes around comes around. Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. The Buddist believes that you are rewarded for the good things and punished for the bad things you do in this life, in the next. The present existence is conditioned by earlier existence and will condition those to fo llow. Most of the Christians that are in Vietnam are Catholics. Protestants Missions have operated in the country since World War II. Some Vietnamese people who practiced other religions looked down upon Protestants because of the association with American missionaries of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, Protestents were considered to have suffered more than Catholics after 1975. In 1965 there were about 1.5 million Catholics in the South and a good majority of the priests and nuns were Vietnamese. Confucianism was and is also a major spirituality in Vietnam to the point where it has had an affect on government....

A Thematic Analysis of Hope and Other Urban Tales by Laura Hird

The ideological model of literacy[1] (Street, 2000) will underline the analysis of the book, and direct the way in which it is read. Analysis Hope and Other Urban Tales focusses mainly on the darker side of the human experience. In Hird’s own words, her work is centred on â€Å"nasty stories about dysfunctional people† (Taylor, 2009).[2] With key themes involving escapism; social change, manipulation, depression and sexuality, the book offers a detailed glimpse into 21st Century Scottish culture primarily through each narrators’ introspective qualities. This essay however, will concentrate on the main under-lying theme of escapism in the text, as well as Hird’s syntactical and lexical choices, and what effect they culminate to. The author’s tone and style will be the first literary aspect to be considered, with reference to the ideological model of literacy as proposed by Brian Street in his paper Literacy and Development. One of the most important literary aspects that achieves Hird’s sense of an empathetic, self-aware and socially observant author is Hope’s narrative tone and style. Since most of the stories are written through first-person perspectives, the narrator is able to connect at a very personal level to the reader as though the happenings of the story are real. Each narrator’s feelings and emotions are captured through their own descriptions of them; allowing the reader to better understand their experiences. We are also subject to a large amount of narratorial interference (which at times, is arguably quite stifling) that serves to remind the reader of what the narrator is feeling at any exact moment. This ties in well to Hird’s stream-of-consciousness style of writing, in which thoughts and actions are described in real time. Present-tense also intensifies this reaction from the reader, as we are lead to know as much or as little as the protagonists do.  œ (Pg. 1 – 10, Hope’s best example of psychological realism) Present tense is used in many of the short stories in this collection (Hope, The Happening, Destination Anywhere, and Meat). Hird puts this device in place not only in order to allow the reader to live the events of the story at the same time the characters are; (there by making them more ‘alive’) but to compliment her inter-personal, nonchalant style of writing. For example, in Hope, the narrator explains: â€Å"We seem to become embroiled in this intense conversation as soon as we sit down. There’s none of that ridiculous small talk that Edinburgh people usually use to keep people at a distance till they’ve decided what to dislike about them. Hope appears to have angles on everything that I’d never even contemplated before†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hope, Chp. 2, pg.14)[3] This quote also implies a deep-seeded basis of empathy that is present within the narrator’s tone. It is with lines like â€Å"none of that ridiculous small talk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that shows a wanting for personal connection between the characters and indeed, the rest of the world around him. Past the confines of Hope’s apartment, this speaks volumes about the state of 21st Century Scottish culture. The previous passage is particularly interesting because of its implications towards contemporary Scottish culture. Here the subtext dictates that ordinary Scottish citizens are closed-off, reserved and un-involved with each other to the point of even disliking one another’s company. Whilst the narrative choice of first-person means that everything in the story is somewhat biased to an extent, the reader can see beyond that; and look into the real-life writer’s feelings about her surroundings. Such a blunt observation coupled with judgement (â€Å"what to dislike†) allows the confidence and self-assuredness of the writing to materialise plainly in the reader’s mind. Further to this, it can be said that although Hope is a product of the mid-2000s, it pays noticeable homage to mid-90s Scottish literature. For instance, Hird’s work has been said to be caught in a â€Å"Trainspotting hangover† [4] (Briscoe, 2006) – a nod to Scottish author Irvine Welsh. Hird herself has confessed also that she is a great admirer of Ian McEwan, author of Enduring Love[5], where her methodical approach to de-familiarization was born. The ideological model of literacy dictates that literature should be judged as social practice and not merely â€Å"technical and neutral skill†[6] (Street, 2000). It also describes a more culturally sensitive approach towards literacy than its counter – the autonomous model. This effectively directs the way that the book should be read; with more allusion towards a social commentary. Hird wrote this collection as a product of her own inherent knowledge and understanding of the working world. Her state of ‘being’ attaches itself to the stories, the characters and her choice of words throughout the entire book and results in enabling the reader to see her most-inner workings and the effects of the defensive, emotionally stale culture of Scotland in the 21st Century. Furthermore, the ideological model also commands the way in which the reader reads. Each reader’s conception of themselves and their identity becomes the root of their understanding of the text. Hope and Other Urban Tales then becomes a mix of both the author’s perceptions of being and the reader’s. Allowing the two perspectives to inter-twine as such culminates to a very personal response that elicits an extension of the reader’s set of prior beliefs. Whilst the 90’s have clearly influenced Hird and her attitudes to her art, the period has not distracted her from contemporary 21st Century culture with reference to the writer’s loyalty to her idols, such as Welsh[7] (Morace, 2001). Hird adheres to the stream-of-consciousness writing style popular in the mid-90s, as well as psychological realism[8] (Cuddon, 1999). This means that Hird’s characters are not content to merely explain the events of a story; they have to explain their motives and thoughts aswell. Interior monologues are therefore a staple technique employed in the collection, as well as narratorial interference, which is consistently present throughout every story involving first-person narration. These modernist techniques result in a slightly fragmented style of story-telling, in which the narrator’s character is arguably the most important aspect of the story, as not only do they tell the story, they act in it as well. The writer’s attitudes are most notably introduced in the title’s novella, Hope. Here we are subject to Martin’s (the story’s narrator) account of Scottish people, society and culture. Hird’s choice of syntax, her sentence structures and passages of time demonstrate a noticeable disassociation from the novella’s universe; it’s ‘real world’. This disassociation carries well into the collection’s escapist theme; which has been said to be the common link between every character in Hope and Other Urban Tales[9] (Alapi, 2006). Escape is mentioned in almost every story and implies an escape from the morally deprived society of the 21st Century. Whether this ‘escape’ is physical or metaphoric, it denotes the action of leaving a life behind, and it inhabits every story: In Hope: â€Å"I’ve got to get out of here. Go somewhere hot.† (Pg.2) In The Happening: â€Å"Annual leave is precious.† (Pg. 69) In Reanimation: â€Å"We need to get out. If we don’t go out now I’m afraid we’re never going to escape.† (Pg. 97) In Victims: â€Å"Would you leave them for meNever see them again?† (Pg. 166) In Destination Anywhere: â€Å"I’ve found, by experience, that running away is usually the answer. I have been running away since I was a kid.† (Pg. 203) In Meat: â€Å"Atleast it feels like I’m escaping for a little while.† (Pg. 217) (Most obvious examples) This escapist attitude stems from an inherent disassociation in every character. They could even be argued to be tragic heroes; who pave the way for their own downfalls through poorly guided actions. If each character maintained their innocence and their naivety, then they would be more comfortable and engaged with the world around them. As Hird clearly demonstrates through her incredibly observant narrations, these characters describe events and other people as if they are, on the most part, static and blind to real understanding (with the exception of Hope’s character in Hope: Pg. 1 – 69). There is therefore a feeling of superiority that parallels this and which results in a cynical, pessimistic writing style that implies dissatisfaction with the novel’s universe. Because the story is based upon the element of realism, this denotes dissatisfaction with the real world as well. The culture of the time is obviously a closed, harsh and faceless one. One that is controlled by television, rat-race artistic types as symbolically shown in Destination Anywhere by ‘the artist’, who remains nameless throughout, and money (Pg. 182). This theme of escape is symbolised effectively in Meat by a few different aspects. The initial death of the lamb being the most notable (Pg. 223 – 230). What reinforces this theme is how the father reacts to its death: â€Å"You know how much these things are worth?†[10] The father thinks only of the saving he will make if he brings the lamb home to be eaten, instead of deliberating on the tragedy to any kind of extent at all. He uses the death of the lamb as an escape from his son’s confession (Pg. 221). Instead of confronting his son about being homosexual, he â€Å"pushes [his son] away† (Pg. 222). The narrator’s father does not acknowledge his son whilst he is â€Å"clearing up†. These semiotics exhibit the â€Å"clearing up† of the relationship between father and son – the â€Å"dismantling† of his involvement with the situation. This metaphor leads to a physical symbol of escape: when the boy says in his interior monologue how he’s â€Å"not sure where we’re heading† (Pg. 222). The father takes country roads back from the fishing trip and drives through thick fog and darkness on the way. Fog traditionally symbolises foreboding, or the clouding of emotions. In this case, it symbolises the growth of the father’s anger and disappointment at his son because he is not addressing it. Instead he runs in both an emotional and physical sense – adding that he â€Å"doesn’t bloody know† why they are going the way they are (Pg. 223). Desperation to escape is therefore effectively symbolised here, as anywhere is better than being alone on that boat with his son. (Pgs. 221 – 230 are discussed h ere). To intensify the author’s allusion to characters that wish to escape their respective realities, we are permitted to see how it has affected Hope itself (or herself, as the case is); she does not own a television, and claims she â€Å"can’t stand it. The real opium of the masses. I can’t tell you how many good friends I’ve seen wither to death in front of the box. It’s worse than cancer† (Pg. 16). Here the author’s pessimism for the modern age again appears. Not even hope is un-tainted by it. Television is the most practical semiotic of the contemporary age, and here it is regarded as being a kind of poison that is transporting people away from reality. Hope seeks to stop the modern age entering his dwelling so she can remain in her own version of reality – thereby escaping the shared experience of â€Å"the masses†. (Pgs. 16 – 18 cover this issue). Escape is also demonstrated in the story Destination Anywhere, where we witness the result of contemporary TV culture on the youth. In this story, a thirteen-year-old girl appears at first to be genuinely interested in the narrator’s line of work (photography), and is the only one at the gallery party that will pay him any attention. Whilst this seems hopeful, the culture of drinking and drugs is once again introduced into the fabric of the text, and the girl transforms after her initial attempts at persuading the narrator to take photographs of her. Behind the closed doors of the narrator’s apartment, the reader witnesses her manipulative personality that she adopts in order to â€Å"become famous†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"proper famous† (Pg. 192). Hird makes this aspect even more disturbing by choosing a young girl to portray it – Thereby saying that the â€Å"innocent† young are far past being innocent. (Destination Anywhere begins on Pg. 181 and ends on Pg. 211). â€Å"She doesn’t have a hope in hell. I despise people like her. Jesus, even the youth don’t have any substance left any more. It depresses me.† (Pg. 192) Here we see how the narrator has developed a strong hatred for contemporary culture of all kinds, especially the new generation. This becomes intensified when he flees his own apartment after the child makes her manipulative intentions clear. He is forced to escape his private space, even, and enter society for a brief period of time. The narrator also details how â€Å"the sense that I may have just made one of the biggest mistakes of my life is tempered slightly by the feeling of relief at being away from her.† (Pg. 198). Escape becomes the thing that he desires most, regardless of the cost. Hird’s character comes across as dysfunctional and borderline weak-spirited in this regard, as all he seemingly wishes to do is run away from any situation. The reader’s expectations of her character are mis-informed, and the archetype is thoroughly mutated and transformed into something devoid of any soul or empathy. Characterisation here is truly impressive as a result, as we are made to share in the narrator’s hatred and frustration of the girl, after feeling like the narrator truly has the upper hand at the party: â€Å"Her face brightens as I walk towards her again. It’s almost a shame.† (Pg. 186). The reader wants to like the girl in the first part of the story, as she is a symbol of innocence; a symbol of hope. This is however juxtaposed by her comment â€Å"I’ll love you forever†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pg. 195). The quote is also important as it demonstrates how the modern age will even sell love and the immaterial in order for media exposure. Nothing is sacred in the new age’s eyes. Hird sees this. Structurally, the book is fairly one-sided; as if the prose is primarily constructed around â€Å"off-the-cuff one-liners†[11] (Taylor, 2009) that have spawned from the writer’s real-life observations. Not only does this make the prose hyper-real, but it adds to the chatty, micro-literate feel of the book aswell. Chapters often begin with very short statements that try to hook in the reader’s attention: â€Å"Time passes quickly.† (Pg. 23. Dependant clause). â€Å"The other day I killed a wasp.† (Pg. 93). â€Å"Ken. Perfect name for the bastard.† (Pg. 79). Hird recognises reader psychology in the sense that she knows shorter flashes of imagery will capture the attention of people quickly; set a scene for them or throw them into the physical action of a plotline. She also uses the same technique to conclude stories or chapters: â€Å"I can make myself like anyone.† (Pg. 10). Techniques like this serve to increase the deliverance of the prose, and enable easier-reading of the text. In conclusion, the main theme of Hope and Other Urban Tales surrounds the more deceptive, malicious personality traits of human beings on the fringes of a society-gone-wrong. Whilst these characters are documented as such, their behaviours culminate to real, balanced individuals with hidden pockets of tenderness underneath their hardened exteriors. The shared feeling of wishing to escape their respective realities is found in all the protagonists in question, yet the ways that these wishes materialise differ substantially as they all possess a realistic duality in their natures. The ideological model of literacy governs this reading of the prose and proves that culture, society and the writer’s own understanding of them has a deep all-around effect on the creation of such psychological texts. References Adams, J. (2003). Interview with Laura Hird. Available: http://www.barcelonareview.com/35/e_int_lh.htm. Last accessed 19/08/2013 Alapi, Z. (2006). The New Review. Available: http://www.laurahird.com/newreview/hopeandotherurbantales.html. Last accessed 19/08/2013. Blake, W. (1970). Songs of Innocence and Experience; Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN-10: 0192810898. The Lamb, Pg. 1. Briscoe, J. (2006). Hope Springs Infernal. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/nov/11/featuresreviews.guardianreview21. Last accessed 19/08/2013. Caesar, M. (1999). Umberto Eco: Philosophy, Semiotics and the Work of Fiction. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN: 9780745608501. Pg. 55. Cuddon, J.A. (1999). The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, UK, Penguin Books, ISBN-10: 0140513639. Fairclough, N. (2001) Language and Power, UK, Longman, ISBN-10: 0582414830. Goodman, K. Goodman, Y. (1979) Theory and Practice of Early Reading, U.S., Routledge, ISBN-10: 0898590035. Learning to Read is Natural, pg. 137 – 54. Hird, L. (2009). Interview by Trev Taylor. Available: http://www.laurahird.com/. Last accessed 19/08/2013. Hird, L. (2006). Hope and Other Urban Tales, Scotland, Canongate Books, ISBN-10: 1841955736. McEwan, I. (1998). Enduring Love, UK, Vintage, ISBN-10: 0099276585. Morace, R. (2001). Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting: A Reader’s Guide, UK, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-5237-X. Randell, Stevenson. (1992). Modernist Fiction: An Introduction, The University of Kentucky, ISBN-10: 0813108144. The Scotsman. (2006). Hope Heralds a New Dawn. Available: http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/books/hope-heralds-a-new-dawn-1-1416335. Last accessed 19/08/2013. Street, B. (2000). Literacy and Development: Ethnographic Perspectives, Introduction, London, Routledge, ISBN-10: 0415234514. Pg. 7 -8. Welsh, I. (1994). Trainspotting, UK, Vintage, ISBN-10: 0099465892. A Thematic Analysis of Hope and Other Urban Tales by Laura Hird The ideological model of literacy[1] (Street, 2000) will underline the analysis of the book, and direct the way in which it is read. Analysis Hope and Other Urban Tales focusses mainly on the darker side of the human experience. In Hird’s own words, her work is centred on â€Å"nasty stories about dysfunctional people† (Taylor, 2009).[2] With key themes involving escapism; social change, manipulation, depression and sexuality, the book offers a detailed glimpse into 21st Century Scottish culture primarily through each narrators’ introspective qualities. This essay however, will concentrate on the main under-lying theme of escapism in the text, as well as Hird’s syntactical and lexical choices, and what effect they culminate to. The author’s tone and style will be the first literary aspect to be considered, with reference to the ideological model of literacy as proposed by Brian Street in his paper Literacy and Development. One of the most important literary aspects that achieves Hird’s sense of an empathetic, self-aware and socially observant author is Hope’s narrative tone and style. Since most of the stories are written through first-person perspectives, the narrator is able to connect at a very personal level to the reader as though the happenings of the story are real. Each narrator’s feelings and emotions are captured through their own descriptions of them; allowing the reader to better understand their experiences. We are also subject to a large amount of narratorial interference (which at times, is arguably quite stifling) that serves to remind the reader of what the narrator is feeling at any exact moment. This ties in well to Hird’s stream-of-consciousness style of writing, in which thoughts and actions are described in real time. Present-tense also intensifies this reaction from the reader, as we are lead to know as much or as little as the protagonists do.  œ (Pg. 1 – 10, Hope’s best example of psychological realism) Present tense is used in many of the short stories in this collection (Hope, The Happening, Destination Anywhere, and Meat). Hird puts this device in place not only in order to allow the reader to live the events of the story at the same time the characters are; (there by making them more ‘alive’) but to compliment her inter-personal, nonchalant style of writing. For example, in Hope, the narrator explains: â€Å"We seem to become embroiled in this intense conversation as soon as we sit down. There’s none of that ridiculous small talk that Edinburgh people usually use to keep people at a distance till they’ve decided what to dislike about them. Hope appears to have angles on everything that I’d never even contemplated before†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hope, Chp. 2, pg.14)[3] This quote also implies a deep-seeded basis of empathy that is present within the narrator’s tone. It is with lines like â€Å"none of that ridiculous small talk†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that shows a wanting for personal connection between the characters and indeed, the rest of the world around him. Past the confines of Hope’s apartment, this speaks volumes about the state of 21st Century Scottish culture. The previous passage is particularly interesting because of its implications towards contemporary Scottish culture. Here the subtext dictates that ordinary Scottish citizens are closed-off, reserved and un-involved with each other to the point of even disliking one another’s company. Whilst the narrative choice of first-person means that everything in the story is somewhat biased to an extent, the reader can see beyond that; and look into the real-life writer’s feelings about her surroundings. Such a blunt observation coupled with judgement (â€Å"what to dislike†) allows the confidence and self-assuredness of the writing to materialise plainly in the reader’s mind. Further to this, it can be said that although Hope is a product of the mid-2000s, it pays noticeable homage to mid-90s Scottish literature. For instance, Hird’s work has been said to be caught in a â€Å"Trainspotting hangover† [4] (Briscoe, 2006) – a nod to Scottish author Irvine Welsh. Hird herself has confessed also that she is a great admirer of Ian McEwan, author of Enduring Love[5], where her methodical approach to de-familiarization was born. The ideological model of literacy dictates that literature should be judged as social practice and not merely â€Å"technical and neutral skill†[6] (Street, 2000). It also describes a more culturally sensitive approach towards literacy than its counter – the autonomous model. This effectively directs the way that the book should be read; with more allusion towards a social commentary. Hird wrote this collection as a product of her own inherent knowledge and understanding of the working world. Her state of ‘being’ attaches itself to the stories, the characters and her choice of words throughout the entire book and results in enabling the reader to see her most-inner workings and the effects of the defensive, emotionally stale culture of Scotland in the 21st Century. Furthermore, the ideological model also commands the way in which the reader reads. Each reader’s conception of themselves and their identity becomes the root of their understanding of the text. Hope and Other Urban Tales then becomes a mix of both the author’s perceptions of being and the reader’s. Allowing the two perspectives to inter-twine as such culminates to a very personal response that elicits an extension of the reader’s set of prior beliefs. Whilst the 90’s have clearly influenced Hird and her attitudes to her art, the period has not distracted her from contemporary 21st Century culture with reference to the writer’s loyalty to her idols, such as Welsh[7] (Morace, 2001). Hird adheres to the stream-of-consciousness writing style popular in the mid-90s, as well as psychological realism[8] (Cuddon, 1999). This means that Hird’s characters are not content to merely explain the events of a story; they have to explain their motives and thoughts aswell. Interior monologues are therefore a staple technique employed in the collection, as well as narratorial interference, which is consistently present throughout every story involving first-person narration. These modernist techniques result in a slightly fragmented style of story-telling, in which the narrator’s character is arguably the most important aspect of the story, as not only do they tell the story, they act in it as well. The writer’s attitudes are most notably introduced in the title’s novella, Hope. Here we are subject to Martin’s (the story’s narrator) account of Scottish people, society and culture. Hird’s choice of syntax, her sentence structures and passages of time demonstrate a noticeable disassociation from the novella’s universe; it’s ‘real world’. This disassociation carries well into the collection’s escapist theme; which has been said to be the common link between every character in Hope and Other Urban Tales[9] (Alapi, 2006). Escape is mentioned in almost every story and implies an escape from the morally deprived society of the 21st Century. Whether this ‘escape’ is physical or metaphoric, it denotes the action of leaving a life behind, and it inhabits every story: In Hope: â€Å"I’ve got to get out of here. Go somewhere hot.† (Pg.2) In The Happening: â€Å"Annual leave is precious.† (Pg. 69) In Reanimation: â€Å"We need to get out. If we don’t go out now I’m afraid we’re never going to escape.† (Pg. 97) In Victims: â€Å"Would you leave them for meNever see them again?† (Pg. 166) In Destination Anywhere: â€Å"I’ve found, by experience, that running away is usually the answer. I have been running away since I was a kid.† (Pg. 203) In Meat: â€Å"Atleast it feels like I’m escaping for a little while.† (Pg. 217) (Most obvious examples) This escapist attitude stems from an inherent disassociation in every character. They could even be argued to be tragic heroes; who pave the way for their own downfalls through poorly guided actions. If each character maintained their innocence and their naivety, then they would be more comfortable and engaged with the world around them. As Hird clearly demonstrates through her incredibly observant narrations, these characters describe events and other people as if they are, on the most part, static and blind to real understanding (with the exception of Hope’s character in Hope: Pg. 1 – 69). There is therefore a feeling of superiority that parallels this and which results in a cynical, pessimistic writing style that implies dissatisfaction with the novel’s universe. Because the story is based upon the element of realism, this denotes dissatisfaction with the real world as well. The culture of the time is obviously a closed, harsh and faceless one. One that is controlled by television, rat-race artistic types as symbolically shown in Destination Anywhere by ‘the artist’, who remains nameless throughout, and money (Pg. 182). This theme of escape is symbolised effectively in Meat by a few different aspects. The initial death of the lamb being the most notable (Pg. 223 – 230). What reinforces this theme is how the father reacts to its death: â€Å"You know how much these things are worth?†[10] The father thinks only of the saving he will make if he brings the lamb home to be eaten, instead of deliberating on the tragedy to any kind of extent at all. He uses the death of the lamb as an escape from his son’s confession (Pg. 221). Instead of confronting his son about being homosexual, he â€Å"pushes [his son] away† (Pg. 222). The narrator’s father does not acknowledge his son whilst he is â€Å"clearing up†. These semiotics exhibit the â€Å"clearing up† of the relationship between father and son – the â€Å"dismantling† of his involvement with the situation. This metaphor leads to a physical symbol of escape: when the boy says in his interior monologue how he’s â€Å"not sure where we’re heading† (Pg. 222). The father takes country roads back from the fishing trip and drives through thick fog and darkness on the way. Fog traditionally symbolises foreboding, or the clouding of emotions. In this case, it symbolises the growth of the father’s anger and disappointment at his son because he is not addressing it. Instead he runs in both an emotional and physical sense – adding that he â€Å"doesn’t bloody know† why they are going the way they are (Pg. 223). Desperation to escape is therefore effectively symbolised here, as anywhere is better than being alone on that boat with his son. (Pgs. 221 – 230 are discussed h ere). To intensify the author’s allusion to characters that wish to escape their respective realities, we are permitted to see how it has affected Hope itself (or herself, as the case is); she does not own a television, and claims she â€Å"can’t stand it. The real opium of the masses. I can’t tell you how many good friends I’ve seen wither to death in front of the box. It’s worse than cancer† (Pg. 16). Here the author’s pessimism for the modern age again appears. Not even hope is un-tainted by it. Television is the most practical semiotic of the contemporary age, and here it is regarded as being a kind of poison that is transporting people away from reality. Hope seeks to stop the modern age entering his dwelling so she can remain in her own version of reality – thereby escaping the shared experience of â€Å"the masses†. (Pgs. 16 – 18 cover this issue). Escape is also demonstrated in the story Destination Anywhere, where we witness the result of contemporary TV culture on the youth. In this story, a thirteen-year-old girl appears at first to be genuinely interested in the narrator’s line of work (photography), and is the only one at the gallery party that will pay him any attention. Whilst this seems hopeful, the culture of drinking and drugs is once again introduced into the fabric of the text, and the girl transforms after her initial attempts at persuading the narrator to take photographs of her. Behind the closed doors of the narrator’s apartment, the reader witnesses her manipulative personality that she adopts in order to â€Å"become famous†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"proper famous† (Pg. 192). Hird makes this aspect even more disturbing by choosing a young girl to portray it – Thereby saying that the â€Å"innocent† young are far past being innocent. (Destination Anywhere begins on Pg. 181 and ends on Pg. 211). â€Å"She doesn’t have a hope in hell. I despise people like her. Jesus, even the youth don’t have any substance left any more. It depresses me.† (Pg. 192) Here we see how the narrator has developed a strong hatred for contemporary culture of all kinds, especially the new generation. This becomes intensified when he flees his own apartment after the child makes her manipulative intentions clear. He is forced to escape his private space, even, and enter society for a brief period of time. The narrator also details how â€Å"the sense that I may have just made one of the biggest mistakes of my life is tempered slightly by the feeling of relief at being away from her.† (Pg. 198). Escape becomes the thing that he desires most, regardless of the cost. Hird’s character comes across as dysfunctional and borderline weak-spirited in this regard, as all he seemingly wishes to do is run away from any situation. The reader’s expectations of her character are mis-informed, and the archetype is thoroughly mutated and transformed into something devoid of any soul or empathy. Characterisation here is truly impressive as a result, as we are made to share in the narrator’s hatred and frustration of the girl, after feeling like the narrator truly has the upper hand at the party: â€Å"Her face brightens as I walk towards her again. It’s almost a shame.† (Pg. 186). The reader wants to like the girl in the first part of the story, as she is a symbol of innocence; a symbol of hope. This is however juxtaposed by her comment â€Å"I’ll love you forever†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pg. 195). The quote is also important as it demonstrates how the modern age will even sell love and the immaterial in order for media exposure. Nothing is sacred in the new age’s eyes. Hird sees this. Structurally, the book is fairly one-sided; as if the prose is primarily constructed around â€Å"off-the-cuff one-liners†[11] (Taylor, 2009) that have spawned from the writer’s real-life observations. Not only does this make the prose hyper-real, but it adds to the chatty, micro-literate feel of the book aswell. Chapters often begin with very short statements that try to hook in the reader’s attention: â€Å"Time passes quickly.† (Pg. 23. Dependant clause). â€Å"The other day I killed a wasp.† (Pg. 93). â€Å"Ken. Perfect name for the bastard.† (Pg. 79). Hird recognises reader psychology in the sense that she knows shorter flashes of imagery will capture the attention of people quickly; set a scene for them or throw them into the physical action of a plotline. She also uses the same technique to conclude stories or chapters: â€Å"I can make myself like anyone.† (Pg. 10). Techniques like this serve to increase the deliverance of the prose, and enable easier-reading of the text. In conclusion, the main theme of Hope and Other Urban Tales surrounds the more deceptive, malicious personality traits of human beings on the fringes of a society-gone-wrong. Whilst these characters are documented as such, their behaviours culminate to real, balanced individuals with hidden pockets of tenderness underneath their hardened exteriors. The shared feeling of wishing to escape their respective realities is found in all the protagonists in question, yet the ways that these wishes materialise differ substantially as they all possess a realistic duality in their natures. The ideological model of literacy governs this reading of the prose and proves that culture, society and the writer’s own understanding of them has a deep all-around effect on the creation of such psychological texts. References Adams, J. (2003). Interview with Laura Hird. Available: http://www.barcelonareview.com/35/e_int_lh.htm. Last accessed 19/08/2013 Alapi, Z. (2006). The New Review. Available: http://www.laurahird.com/newreview/hopeandotherurbantales.html. Last accessed 19/08/2013. Blake, W. (1970). Songs of Innocence and Experience; Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN-10: 0192810898. The Lamb, Pg. 1. Briscoe, J. (2006). Hope Springs Infernal. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/nov/11/featuresreviews.guardianreview21. Last accessed 19/08/2013. Caesar, M. (1999). Umberto Eco: Philosophy, Semiotics and the Work of Fiction. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN: 9780745608501. Pg. 55. Cuddon, J.A. (1999). The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, UK, Penguin Books, ISBN-10: 0140513639. Fairclough, N. (2001) Language and Power, UK, Longman, ISBN-10: 0582414830. Goodman, K. Goodman, Y. (1979) Theory and Practice of Early Reading, U.S., Routledge, ISBN-10: 0898590035. Learning to Read is Natural, pg. 137 – 54. Hird, L. (2009). Interview by Trev Taylor. Available: http://www.laurahird.com/. Last accessed 19/08/2013. Hird, L. (2006). Hope and Other Urban Tales, Scotland, Canongate Books, ISBN-10: 1841955736. McEwan, I. (1998). Enduring Love, UK, Vintage, ISBN-10: 0099276585. Morace, R. (2001). Irvine Welsh’s Trainspotting: A Reader’s Guide, UK, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-5237-X. Randell, Stevenson. (1992). Modernist Fiction: An Introduction, The University of Kentucky, ISBN-10: 0813108144. The Scotsman. (2006). Hope Heralds a New Dawn. Available: http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/books/hope-heralds-a-new-dawn-1-1416335. Last accessed 19/08/2013. Street, B. (2000). Literacy and Development: Ethnographic Perspectives, Introduction, London, Routledge, ISBN-10: 0415234514. Pg. 7 -8. Welsh, I. (1994). Trainspotting, UK, Vintage, ISBN-10: 0099465892.